Cold water is fine for washing hands - soap and vigor are the critical components
“Hot water for handwashing has not been proved to remove germs better than cold water.”
That’s the conclusion of The Claim column in tomorrow’s N.Y. Times science section.
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We’ve been saying for a couple of years that water temperature is not a critical factor -- water hot enough to kill dangerous bacteria and viruses would scald hands -- so use whatever is comfortable. Warmer water may be better at removing oils and stuff, but not the things that make people sick.
The Times story says,
In its medical literature, the Food and Drug Administration states that hot water comfortable enough for washing hands is not hot enough to kill bacteria, but is more effective than cold water because it removes oils from the hand that can harbor bacteria.
But in a 2005 report in the Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, scientists with the Joint Bank Group/Fund Health Services Department pointed out that in studies in which subjects had their hands contaminated, and then were instructed to wash and rinse with soap for 25 seconds using water with temperatures ranging from 40 degrees Fahrenheit to 120 degrees, the various temperatures had “no effect on transient or resident bacterial reduction.”
They found no evidence that hot water had any benefit, and noted that it might increase the “irritant capacity” of some soaps, causing contact dermatitis.
“Temperature of water used for hand washing should not be guided by antibacterial effects but comfort,” they wrote, “which is in the tepid to warm temperature range. The usage of tepid water instead of hot water also has economic benefits.”
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Beaver fever closes New York spring; 6 sick from giardia
The Times Union reports the Rensselaer County Health Department closed a spring Friday after six people became sick with "beaver fever” after drinking water obtained from the site.
Residents are advised not to drink water from a spring located one-quarter mile north of the intersection of routes 22 and 43.
The intestinal illness is caused by a microscopic parasite called Giardia lamblia.
Should fruits and vegetables be cleaned with bottled washes? No
I’ve already posted on some of the dubious marketing and safety claims that accompanied the original Fit produce wash before it was abandoned by Procter & Gamble in 2001.
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On Monday, the Los Angeles Times takes a look at produce washes out there – such as Veggie Wash, Fit Fruit and Vegetable Wash, Bi-O-Kleen Produce Wash, Earth Friendly Products Fruit & Vegetable Wash and Eat Cleaner All Natural Food Wash and Wipes -- and concludes water is just fine.
Sandra McCurdy, extension food safety specialist in the School of Family and Consumer Sciences at the University of Idaho in Moscow, Idaho, says that most produce is pathogen-free because it's been washed during processing and because handlers take steps to avoid contaminating the fruits and vegetables they stock in the produce aisle. But if it is not, a thorough rinse under water is usually all that's needed to remove most pathogens.
Michael Doyle (left), professor and director of the Center for Food Safety at the University of Georgia in Griffin, Ga. (Doyle developed an antimicrobial technology that was licensed earlier this year by the makers of Fit produce wash.) said,
"If the bacteria get into the tissue during processing, it's too late, it's trapped in the tissue.”
As for pesticides, there's little scientific evidence to support claims that washes do a better job than water when it comes to removing them, says Anne Riederer, a professor of environmental and occupational health at Emory University in Atlanta, Ga.
Norovirus sends UK campers packing
"At night all you could hear was vomiting from every corner. I've never experienced anything like it. People were simply zipping up their tents and leaving — they just wanted to get out of there.”
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That’s the dream lede for a barfblog.com post, although probably not pleasant for some 150 campers stricken at a North Devon campsite.
"Almost every tent on the site was affected. There were so many sick children — it was an awful sight to witness.”
North Devon Council said the owners took the decision to close the campsite.
The site has a private water supply which has been closed off due to possible contamination.
Brazil: Environment group says, pee in the shower to save water
I admit it: I pee in the shower.
And 30 minutes ago after returning from the beach, Sorenne peed on me and the towel she was wrapped in (that’s us, right, watching the sunset in Venice, Florida, last night).
But according to Brazilian environmental group SOS Mata, I’m a bona fide environmentalist.
dlisted reports that a new public service announcement is urging Brazilians to piss while showering (below) because it would save some 4,380 liters of water a year if every household didn't flush their toilet at least once a day. (The original dlisted report is hilarious, if not entirely PG.)
“They even suggest that you make it a non-stop partying by brushing your teeth in the shower while you wash your nalgas and go pissy times.”
I do that too.
Microbiologically safe produce - local or otherwise
The Obama’s – meaning Michelle – have started a gardening craze. Robert Kenner, the director of Food Inc., told Vanity Fair the solution to so-called industrial food issues was “to go to a farmers’ market whenever possible … it kind of feels like a religious experience.” And on rolls the bandwagon.
Massive rainfalls and 100F days has lead to some ideal growing conditions here in Manhattan (Kansas) but also presents some challenges in the form of floodwater (I’m convinced there’s just no drainage around here).
The microbiological safety of water sources is critical when growing fresh produce that is not going to be cooked. Did that floodwater come downstream from any sort of livestock operation (or human outhouse)? Did the water provide a vehicle for bird or rodent or lizard poop and pathogens to contaminate produce, inside and out? Will those pathogens now flourish in heat?
Those issues and more are discussed in the latest video from the SafeFoodCafe, the bites.ksu.edu digital video subsidiary. The new video guy, Evan, did his best to make me look cool with what he had. He needs better source material.
Bonnie Hunt knows cross-contamination
Ever since reading this infosheet on a study of the bacteria and viruses found on lemon wedges, I’ve ordered my waters without them. I learned today that Bonnie Hunt is also one whose knowledge of microbiology has heightened her awareness of cross-contamination.
An encore presentation of the Bonnie Hunt Show today included a bit about Bonnie's background with microbiology and how it affects her experiences at restaurants today.
Before her acting career took off, Bonnie worked for several years as a nurse. While training for that, she had to "look through microscopes" and "learn about handwashing"--particularly that friction is more effective than soap at removing bacteria and viruses.
When dining out, Bonnie said she notices when servers touch a refill pitcher to the rim of her glass... and then do the same 
with other glasses throughout the restaurant. She joked that it's like making out with everyone there.
She also related a story about a family eating near her at a local restaurant. The table the family was seated at had two ketchup bottles. A child picked up the first bottle, drank from it, and then set it back down on the table. Another child picked up the second bottle, tried unsuccessfully to pour ketchup out of it, and so used the straw from their drinking glass to get it flowing.
Knowledge is such a powerful thing.
Well water should be tested annually to reduce health risks to children
Private well water should be tested yearly, and in some cases more often, according to new guidance offered by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP).
The recommendations call for annual well testing, especially for nitrate and microorganisms such as coliform bacteria, which can indicate that sewage has contaminated the well. The recommendations point out circumstances when additional testing should occur, including testing when there is a new infant in the house or if the well is subjected to structural damage.
Walter J. Rogan, M.D., an epidemiologist at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and lead author on the policy statement and technical report that appears in the June issue of Pediatrics, said,
"Children are especially vulnerable to waterborne illnesses that may come from contaminated wells."
Reference(s): Rogan WJ, Brady MT, the Committee on Environmental Health and the Committee on Infectious Diseases. June, 2009. Technical Report. "Drinking Water from Private Wells and Risks to Children." Pediatrics,123:6. DOI: 10.1542/peds2009-0751.
Committee on Environmental Health and Committee on Infectious Diseases. Policy Statement. "Drinking Water from Private Wells and Risks to Children." Pediatrics,123:6. DOI: 10.1542/peds2009-0751.
Obama says - dude, wash hands to contain swine flu
When asked about swine flu – oh, sorry, the H1N1 flu – U.S. President Barack Obama said during his prime-time 100-day press commencement conference that handwashing and staying at home if sick were key to controlling any potential spread of flu.
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As we’ve said, proper handwashing with the proper tools -- soap, water and paper towel -- can significantly reduce the number of foodborne and other illnesses, even the emerging swine flu.
The steps in proper handwashing, as concluded from the preponderance of available evidence, are:
• wet hands with vigorously flowing water;
• use enough soap to build a good lather;
• scrub hands vigorously, creating friction and reaching all areas of the fingers and hands for at least 10 seconds to loosen pathogens on the fingers and hands;
• rinse hands with thorough amounts of water while continuing to rub hands; and
• dry hands vigorously with paper towel.
If any of the tools for handwashing are missing, let someone know.
However, even with reminders and access to the proper tools, not everyone will practice good hygiene. Those signs that say, ‘Employees Must Wash Hands’ don’t always work. We’re working in settings like high schools and hospitals to figure out the best way to not only tell people to wash their hands, but to use new media and messages to really compel individuals to wash their hands.
A video is available at:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=piwl-Mfwc_s
and a poster at
http://fsninfosheets.blogspot.com/2008/02/dude-wash-your-hands.html.
Swine flu prevention Singapore-style: wash hands, win a sports car
Singapore launched its CSI -- clean, safe, infection-free -- handwashing campaign Monday that gives thorough hand-washers the chance to win a sports car, a plasma TV or shopping vouchers.
Chng Hiok Hee, a doctor at Tan Tock Seng hospital and the head of the two-month-long campaign said,
"Good hand hygiene is crucial in stemming the spread of infections and there is no reason why the public should not learn the seven steps to hand washing practiced by medical professionals.”
The seven handwashing steps include interlacing your fingers and rubbing your hands together, rubbing your thumbs and wrists, and rubbing your fingertips on your palms, to clean all areas.
Our version? Vigorously rub hands for at least 10 seconds using soap under vigorously running water, and dry vigorously with paper towel. Friction – with vigor -- is a wonderful thing.
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Bad idea: running a restaurant without water, people get sick, owners fined $15,000
Two co-owners of the Yaman Restaurant, a St. Catharines, Ontario, restaurant linked to a 2007 E. coli outbreak, were fined $7,500 each for selling food that made customers sick.
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The problems started when Asaad and Daoud continued to run their business on May 19, 2007, despite the fact water to the restaurant was cut off due to a water-main break.
The restaurant was shut down by the region that month after several people got sick, but reopened with a clean bill of health in August that year.
The owners also pleaded guilty on March 4 to failing to provide hot and cold running water in the food-preparation area of the restaurant.
Scotland's water coolers teeming with dangerous bacteria
My friend Dave got into the bottled water biz in the 1980s in Hamilton, Ontario, providing those 5-gallon jugs for water dispensers at home and offices. I never was into that stuff, but the 5-gallon plastic carboys that people haul to the grocery store for a refill are excellent secondary fermentation vessels for home beer production.
But, for those who work in an office, the water cooler is, I’m told, the place for gossip, flirting and bacteria.
The Sunday Herald reports that tests for watchdog organization, Consumer Focus Scotland, found potentially dangerous bacteria in drinking water dispensers in workplaces, schools and care homes. The group says the dispensers need to be better cleaned and maintained, and that the Scottish government, along with the Food Standards Agency, should review existing legislation because it is difficult to enforce.
Environmental health officers found bacterial contamination in 23 out of 87 water dispensers sampled in Edinburgh, Lothian and Borders. They tested for five types of bacteria known to cause illness, particularly in people who are vulnerable due to frailty or ill-health.
Water from bottle-supplied coolers was the most contaminated, with 14 out of 35 samples containing bacteria. Eight samples showed the presence of coliform bacteria, usually associated with faeces, and three contained staphylococcus aureus, which can cause serious illnesses.
Nine of the 52 samples from plumbed-in coolers taking water from the mains were also found to be contaminated, sometimes by more than one type of bacteria.
The contamination is thought to be due to the poor hygiene habits of some drinkers. Unwashed hands, putting mouths to taps and refilling dirty bottles could all be to blame.
Surfing, Spicoli and scissors
I started my Xmas shopping this morning. I got Amy a can opener, a corkscrew and some scissors. She was with me at Target when I bought them.
Having a two-week-old puts a different spin on things. Our neighbors invited us for a Christmas eve get-together, but Sorenne is sleeping, and that’s a good gift.
Maybe next year we’ll be surfing during the summer in Australia or New Zealand at Christmas. And if so, we’ll try not to swallow too much water.
Researchers at Oregon State University (OSU) and the Oregon Dept. of Environmental Quality have found that surfers unintentionally ingest 10 times more water than swimmers or divers, putting them at higher risk of contracting gastrointestinal (GI) illnesses when surfing in contaminated waters.
The study also suggests that because the water quality at Oregon beaches is significantly better than more popular surfing destinations, such as California, Hawaii, or Florida, the risk of GI illness is lower for people surfing the frigid waters of the Oregon coast.
How did stoner Jeff Spicoli from Fast Times at Ridgemont High grow up to be Harvey Milk?
Confirmed: birds poop on peas in field, sicken 99 with campylobacter in Alaska
Sarah Palin, look at what is going on in your own backyard while you’re getting people all excited with your Katie Couric interviews.
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New molecular laboratory findings from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention provide a firm link between an outbreak of Campylobacter diarrhea that occurred in Southcentral Alaska this summer and eating uncooked peas grown in Alaska.
"Molecular studies demonstrated that there was a match between Campylobacter bacteria obtained from sick people and those obtained from pea and Sandhill Crane samples taken from the farm in Palmer," said Dr. Tracie Gardner, an epidemiologist with the Alaska Division of Public Health.
To date, the investigation has identified 99 people sickened by the bacteria who reported eating raw peas within 10 days of illness onset. Fifty-four had laboratory confirmation of illness. Five were hospitalized. None have died.
Investigation revealed a lack of chlorine in the water used to wash the peas at the farm. State officials are working with the farm to implement future control measures.
Yes, chlorinated water could be part of the economic bailout to boost health-care reform. Over to you, Sarah.
Geese poop a lot
The parents of my high school girlfriend had a cottage in Barry’s Bay, Ontario. Lovely place, including memories of dive-bombing geese and the darkest night skies ever.
Nearby Pembroke, Ontario, also has a problem with geese – specifically their poop -- like many other communities.
The Daily Observer reports that Pembroke’s Riverside Beach was closed last month due to high E. coli levels, primarily from geese poop.
Deputy Mayor Les Scott said,
"This matter has gotten to the point where this animal is contributing negatively to the health and safety of our citizens.”
What annoys him is if the city is found to be the cause of elevated E. coli, the province would be on them in a minute. When it is geese, nothing happens.
Memories of Walkerton: Drinking water in Scotland wells sickens 15 with E. coli O157
Up to 15 people – including children – were this afternoon being treated for E.coli after an outbreak of the bug near Aberdeen.
Seven cases have already been confirmed with a further eight people showing symptoms.
Public health chiefs believe the source is a shared private water supply to eight homes in South Auchinclech, near Westhill.
Aberdeen-based Prof Hugh Pennington, said the source of the contamination was likely to be cattle manure, adding,
“There is quite a strong possibility it got washed into the water supply by heavy rain. The water purification system probably got overwhelmed. … Once somebody’s been affected, we’ve just got to keep our finger crossed.”
Bunny blamed for UK cryptosporidium alert
Just a harmless little bunny rabbit, like in Monty Python and the Holy Grail (right).A spokesman for Anglian Water said,
"Following extensive investigations, we can now confirm that the source of the cryptosporidium in the water has been linked to a small rabbit, which gained access to the treatment process via a remote ancillary tank shortly before cryptosporidia were detected. More scientific work will be undertaken to understand the unusual type of cryptosporidium found in this case."
Homewoners could be set for a cash rebate of up to £30 to compensate for the loss of water, with residents forced to endure days of having to boil water for drinking and cooking.
Parasites found in Alamosa, Colorado water
Oh-oh.
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, called in to help with the outbreak of Salmonellas that has so far sickened 389, found two different parasites -- giardia and cryptosporidium -- present in the water system before it was flushed with high doses of chlorine last week.The city remains on a "boil order" requiring residents to boil water before drinking it or using it for cooking.
A thorough investigation into the intricacies of a municipal water supply becoming contaminated can be found in the Walkerton Commission of Inquiry, held after E. coli O157:H7 got into the water supply of Walkerton, Ontario in 2000, sickening half the town of 5,000 and killing seven.
Salmonella in Colorado water supply: Doug Powell speaks with Mudflap
Salmonella has contaminated the city's water supply, sickening more than 200 people since last week. For everyone else, the inconveniences are immense.
Alamosa -- in the heart of the vast San Luis Valley, about 200 miles southwest of Denver -- draws its water from deep wells that tap the aquifer directly. Because the drinking water comes straight from the ground, it is not chemically treated.
John Pape, a state epidemiologist, said some residents may have continued to drink tap water after the warnings, adding, "Just because the government tells you not to do something doesn't mean you're not going to do it."
I got a chance to talk about the outbreak this morning on Denver's #1 for Country, KYGO, with morning show hosts Kelly, Mudflap and JoJo (right, exactly as shown). They found me via barfblog.com.
I said the flushing of the water system was a good idea, but the source of the original contamination needed to be identified so it could be prevented in the future. I also mentioned that the 5,000-strong community of south Galway, Ireland, has been under a boil-water advisory for the past five months after high incidences of Clostridium perfringens were detected in the Clarinbridge public water supply. In follow-up tests, trace levels of cryptosporidium were detected. There have been no reported cases of cryptosporidiosis but the boil-water notice has remained in place ever since.
A thorough investigation into the intricacies of a munincipal water supply becoming contaminated can be found in the Walkerton Commission of Inquiry, held after E. coli O157:H7 got into the water supply of Walkerton, Ontario in 2000, sickening half the town of 5,000 and killing seven.
Washing your hands, California style
The second sign, found today at a beach café in Long Beach, CA was also interesting because the Spanish appears larger than the English part. I also like the idea that I’m breaking state law if I do not wash my damn hands before returning to work.
"I wouldn't be happy showering under a rat"
The Manawatu Standard reports that the two flatmates are nervously awaiting the results of blood tests after they learnt the "smelly water" they had been drinking and showering in came from a tank housing a badly decomposed rat.
Having suffered bouts of diarrhoea and vomiting before becoming aware of the corpse, they still have to shower at their parents' homes and clean cooking utensils on the front lawn.
The saga began in early November when a 19-year-old resident noticed the water was "smelly" and she began feeling ill.Her mother, worried sewerage had seeped into the water pipes, contacted the council, which in turn flushed the home's pipes.
Several weeks later the shower blocked up, which eventually led to a plumber finding what was left of the large rat.
Rather than remove it, he gave instructions not to use any water until someone else did the dirty work.
The landlord said, "I can't believe they didn't ring me to say it was still there. I thought it was gone. Oh, I just feel ill. I have barely slept thinking about rats in tanks. It's just a dreadful situation, but I thought the plumber or sanitisers had dealt with it."
Batman hit by Hong Kong pollution
Producers shooting the new Batman movie have, reports The West Australian, been forced to cut one scene involving the caped crusader - played by Christian Bale - jumping out of a plane into Hong Kong's famed Victoria Harbour.The South China Morning Post was cited as saying producers felt the poor water quality was just too dangerous for the action hero when shooting for part of the film takes place there in the coming week.
A source was quoted as saying, “There was supposed to be a scene where Batman jumps out of the back of a Hercules C-130 and into Victoria Harbour. The plan was for Batman to be seen jumping into the water and then climbing up some bamboo, or something similar, onto a pier. But when they checked a water sample, they found all sorts of things, salmonella and tuberculosis, so it was cancelled. Now the action will cut to inside a building."
A spokeswoman for Hong Kong’s Environmental Protection Department was cited as admitting that harbor water was not suitable for swimming due to untreated sewage.
Saving the world one sucker at a time
The Rhode Island Oyster Gardening for Restoration and Enhancement program at Roger Williams University is putting oysters in the state's waterways to filter out pollution and rev up the ecosystem.Each little sucker takes in up to 50 gallons of water in a day, clearing out pollutants, plankton, and silt so that the water is nice and clean for the aquatic plants below. These plants, along with tiny fish that like to live in the oyster beds, attract winter flounder and lobster can be harvested for us to eat. The area's aquaculture producers are happy about that one.
The oysters also clean up after crop fertilizers. Nitrogen from agricultural runoff is sucked up and oxygen abounds for our newfound aquaculture.
Clean water, more food, and a pick-up system for ag chemicals. I, for one, am impressed. All hail the mighty oyster: saving the world one sucker at a time.
Worms in water is just an aesthetic issue
Scottish residents are not happy after being told by water chiefs that worms in the water supply are merely an "aesthetic issue."Customers complained to Scottish Water after they found tiny bloodworms - midge larvae - coming out of their taps. The story says that about 30 householders in Oban are thought to have discovered the 6mm worms when pouring a glass of water.
Jason Rose, a Scottish Water spokesman, apologised for the problem, saying it was an "aesthetic issue" and there was no risk to health.
A resident, who asked not to be named, was quoted as saying,
"The worms may not be dangerous, but they certainly aren't pleasant. Nobody is going to want to drink, cook or clean with water that is infested with midge larvae. To imply it's only an 'aesthetic issue' is just bloody cheek."
Chicken in the coal mine
One Chinese family on the southern island province of Hainan decided to test a bottle of water on a chicken to see what would happen.The Beijing News, citing a report in a local paper, said, "The result was the chicken died within a minute," and showed a picture of a man holding a plastic bottle squatting over the crumpled body of the bird.
The story says that barely a day goes by without some new scandal over a made-in-China product, be it toys, toothpaste or fish, which has raised safety concerns in major export markets around the world.
Just keep your mouth shut and no one will get hurt
As cases of cryptosporidium continue to crop up across the U.S. Midwest, at least two separate outbreaks appear to be emerging in Kansas, with at lease seven sick in Sedgwick County and additional cases reported in Johnson County.Kansas state epidemiologist Gail Hansen told The Witchita Eagle that people don't have to quit swimming this weekend, adding,
"Basically, if you're in a pool, keep your mouth shut. Because that's really the only way you'll get it."
Background information is available at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control Healthy Swimming website.
Toilet-to-tap
Los Angeles, the next stop-over on my journey, needs more water. Marc B. Haefele and Anna Sklar wrote in an op-ed Sunday that Los Angeles is revisiting the East Valley Water Reclamation Project, built in the 1990s at a cost of $55 million, used for a few days then mothballed seven years ago.The story explains that sewage was treated at the Donald C. Tillman Water Reclamation Plant in Van Nuys and then pumped to spreading fields near Hansen Dam, where, over five years, it would filter through sandy soil and gravel into an underground reservoir.
"Modern water-purification technology is considered totally reliable. It uses micro-filtration and reverse osmosis, which pumps water through permeable membranes, and ultraviolet light to remove all contaminants. The "yuck factor" is now completely imaginary. ...
"But what should have been an engineering triumph soon became a PR disaster."
The authors note that Orange County, California, just opened its own half-billion-dollar reclamation program -- almost four times the size of the East Valley project -- with minimal public opposition. The secret of this success? Transparency.
Ron Wildermuth, district communications director, for the Orange County Water District, was quoted as saying,
"We started telling people from the start that we're purifying sewage water."
Purifying poop.
Earlier this month, Weekend Australian published a feature noting that Australian health and science authorities have issued a draft of the world's first safety guidelines on recycling sewage for human consumption. Recycling has been taking place in some areas of the world for decades, but national guidelines have never been created in any of the countries doing so.
"Details of the draft guidelines, released recently, are being seized on by both water experts and anti-recycling campaigners as fodder for their causes. On the "pro" side, the draft guidelines state that it is possible to safely recycle sewage for drinking purposes, as long as strict treatment and management processes are followed.
"But the guidelines set the bar so high that they are likely to stop small, parched towns from taking up the controversial option -- an assessment anti-recyclers seeing as a win."
Stop pooping in the water
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Local health departments in Utah report that more than 150 cases of cryptosporidium have been, um, reported.The Utah Department of Health warns that the number of people reporting cases of severe diarrhea continues to rise, and exposure will likely not decline until people who are sick - or who have recently been sick - avoid pools and recreational waters
For more information about cryptosporidium, visit the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or the Utah Department of Health's Web site.
Don't drink pool poop
There have been numerous outbreaks involving the parasite cryptosporidium linked to swimming pools across the U.S. this year.Yesterday, Rich Lakin of the Utah Department of Health said that 70 cases have been reported this year in Utah, Salt Lake and Davis Counties, up from the annual average of 40. As well, 3 confirmed cases in Mason City, Iowa led to the closure of two pools.
Larkin was cited as saying the parasite enters pool water through diaper-wearing children, swimmers who do not wash their hands after going to the bathroom and swimmers who do not shower before swimming in public pools. The parasite survives in the water and splashes of water are then ingested by the victims. People who become sick with the parasite remain contagious as long as two weeks after their symptoms disappear, so they need to stay out of public pools even after they feel better.
ABC4 in Utah reported that a quick observation of the Seven Canyons Fountain; a popular water play area for children in Salt Lake City's Liberty Park revealed a number of children playing in the water while wearing nothing but diapers. Their parents sat next to signs warning pool users not to allow children in diapers into the water. It is this kind of behavior that invites the spread of Cryptosporidium.
Lakin was further quoted as saying, "People need to step up and realize if they do have watery diarrhea they need to stay out of the pools and not spread this any further. Again, it is chlorine resistant and it's a very difficult disease to kill."
